The Arctic is shaped by its cold, harsh climate and limited daylight hours during winter. But the typically frigid region is warming about four times faster than the rest of the planet, which has facilitated more transportation and increased development. To better understand changing human activity in the region, scientists are looking at the far northern latitudes at night.
When darkness spans vast areas of the planet’s land and oceans in the nighttime hours, some signs of human activities become easier to spot. Satellite observations of lights shining from buildings, roads, and other infrastructure reveal patterns of human presence and development.
Using nighttime satellite data, an international team of researchers found that between 1992 and 2013, the Arctic became 5% brighter per year, culminating in about 605,000 square kilometers (234,000 square miles) that had transformed from dark to lit.
“Only 15% of the lit-up areas of the Arctic during the study period contained human settlements like homes or apartment buildings, which tells us that most of the artificial light is due to industrial activities rather than urban or residential development,” said Zhuosen Wang, a member of the research team and a scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. The industrial development includes extractive industries, such as drilling for oil and gas and mining.
The map above shows a pan-Arctic view of nighttime lights and places where the intensity of artificial lights has increased (yellow), decreased (purple), or stayed the same (green). The team used nighttime satellite observations from the U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP).
Regions of oil and gas extraction in northern Russia, the U.S. state of Alaska, and the European Arctic were hotspots for artificial light, they found, whereas the Canadian Arctic largely remained dark. The Russian Arctic had the largest increases in lit area (439,048 square kilometers) during the study period, especially in Khanty-Mansi (114,426 square kilometers) and Yamal Nenets (107,837 square kilometers).
The detailed map above shows Russia’s Khanty-Mansi region, a vast, swampy area in the western Siberian Plain. The region is home to the Samotlor, one of the largest oil fields in the world, which saw the greatest expansion of nighttime lights during the study period.
Although Khanty-Mansi experienced significant expansion of human activity, there were also some declines in lit-up area. “Extractive industries follow lifecycle phases of expansion and contraction,” Wang said, “which is why we see reductions in artificial lights in some places reliant on oil, gas, or mining, without significant human settlement and economic diversification.”
In 2013, the total lit area in oil and gas extracting regions in the Russian Arctic—spanning the Khanty-Mansi, Yamal-Nenets, and Nenets regions—was 339,000 square kilometers (131,000 square miles), almost the size of Germany. The total lit area of the European Arctic was 159,000 square kilometers, whereas the North American Arctic was 49,000 square kilometers. The research team also identified mines used for extracting other minerals, such as the Red Dog Mine in remote Alaska, which was the second largest source of zinc in the world as of 2018.
Wang leads NASA’s Black Marble team, which produces images and composites of nighttime lights across the planet. The team uses data from the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) instrument on the NASA-NOAA Suomi-NPP (Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership) satellite, NOAA-20, and NOAA-21 satellites, which are higher resolution and more recent than the DMSP data used in this study. But VIIRS often picks up dim light from sources like the aurora borealis and moonlight on snow. The Black Marble team is working to correct for such natural sources of light so they can update their analysis of artificial light in the Arctic.
“By providing real-time, high-resolution insights, we will be able to better identify changes in industrial activity,” said Miguel Román, the Deputy Director for Atmospheres at Goddard. “These analyses can help ensure responsible resource management and protect the ecosystems vital to both local and global stability.”
NASA Earth Observatory images by Wanmei Liang, using data from Akandil, C., et al. (2024). Story by Emily Cassidy.
