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References

 
    Tropical Deforestation and Biodiversity
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2004). The future of agriculture depends on biodiversity. Accessed March 1, 2007.
  • Laurence, W. (2006). Biodiversity Erodes Fast in Amazonian Forest Fragments. Accessed March 15, 2007.
  • Laurance, W., Nascimento, H., Laurance, S., Andrade, A., Ribeiro, J.,Giraldo, J., Lovejoy, T., Condit, R., Chave, J., Harms, K., D’Angelo, S. (2006). Rapid decay of tree-community composition in Amazonian forest fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (50), 19010-19141.
  • National Cancer Institute. (2000). National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet: Questions and Answers about NCI’s Natural Products Branch. Accessed March 1, 2007.
  • Plotkin, J. Potts, M., Yu, D., Bunyavejchewin, S., Condit, R., Foster, R., Hubbell, S., LaFrankie, J., Manokaran, N., Seng, L., Sukumar, R., Nowak, M., and Ashton, P. (2000). Predicting species diversity in tropical forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97 (20), 10850-10854.
  • Rainforest Alliance. Research and Resources: Tropical Forests in Our Daily Lives. Accessed March 16, 2007.
  • Wilson, E. (2001). Vanishing point: on Bjorn Lomborg and extinction. Grist Magazine Website. Accessed March 1, 2007.
    Deforestation and Social Impacts
  • McSweeney, K. (2006) Distinguishing the Indigenous from the Rural Poor: Reply to Engelman et al. Conservation Biology, 20 (4), 1318-1320.
  • Schwartzman, S., and Zimmerman, B. (2005). Conservation Alliances with Indigenous Peoples of the Amazon.Conservation Biology, 19(3), 721-727.
  • Associated Press. (2005). Nun’s murder mobilizes Amazon activists. MSNBC Website. Accessed March 15, 2007.
  • Environmental News Service. (2006, March 8). USAID $50 Million May Entice Conservationists to Violent Amazon. Environmental News Service Website. Accessed March 15, 2007.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2006). Background Note: Papua New Guinea. U.S. Department of State Website. Accessed March 15, 2007.
    Deforestation and Climate
  • Fidell, K., Knutson, T., and Milly, P. (2006). Weak simulated extratropical responses to complete tropical deforestation.Journal of Climate,19, 2835- 2850.
  • Negri, A., Adler, R., Xu, L., and Surrat, J. (2004). The impact of Amazonian deforestation on dry season rainfall. Journal of Climate,17, 1307-1319.
  • Silva Dias, M. A. F., et al. (2002). Cloud and rain processes in a biosphere-atmosphere interaction context in the Amazon Region. Journal of Geophysical Research,107 (D20), 8072.
  • Werth, D., and, Avissar, R. (2005). The local and global effects of African deforestation, Geophysical Research Letters. 32, L12704.
  • Werth, D., and, Avissar, R. (2005). The local and global effects of Southeast Asian deforestation. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L20702.
  • Werth, D., and Avissar, R. (2002). The local and global effects of Amazon deforestation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D20), 8087.
    Deforestation and the Carbon Cycle
  • Cleveland, C., and Townsend, A. (2006). Nutrient additions to a tropical rain forest drive substantial soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (27), 10316-10321.
  • Fearnside, P. (2006). Tropical deforestation and global warming. Science, 312, 1137.
  • Fearnside, P., and Barbosa, R. (1998). Soil carbon changes from conversion of forest to pasture in Brazilian Amazonia.Forest Ecology and Management, 108 (1-2), 147-166. Prepint. Accessed March 15, 2007.
  • Houghton, R. (2003). Why are estimates of the terrestrial carbon balance so different? Global Change Biology, 9 (4), 500-509.
  • Murty, D., Kirschbaum, M., Mcmurtrie, R., and Mcgilvray, H. (2002). Does conversion of forest to agricultural land change soil carbon and nitrogen? a review of the literature. Global Change Biology, 8 (2), 105�123.
  • Richey, J., Melack, J., Aufdenkampe, A., Ballester, V., and Hess, L. (2002). Outgassing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large source of tropical CO2. Nature, 416, 617-620.
  • Siegert, F., Ruecker, G., Hinrichs, A., and Hoffmann, A. (2001). Increased damage from fires in logged forests during droughts caused by El Niño. Nature, 414, 437-440.
    Causes of Deforestation
  • Asner, G., Broadbent, E., Oliveira, P., Keller, M., Knapp, D., and Silva, J. (2006). Condition and fate of logged forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (34), 12947-12950.
  • Giest, H., and Lambin, E. (2001). What drives tropical deforestation? A meta-analysis of proximate and underlying causes of deforestation based on subnational case study evidence. LUCC Report Series; 4. Belgium: Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) International Project Office. Accessed March 1, 2007.
  • Morton, D., DeFries, R., Shimabukuro,Y., Anderson. L., Egidio Arai, del Bon Espirito-Santo, F., Freitas, R., and Morisette, J. (2006). Cropland expansion changes deforestation dynamics in the southern Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,103 (39), 14637-14641.
  • Jasinski, H., Morton, D, DeFries, R., Shimabukuro, Y., Anderson, L., and Hansen, M. (2005). Physical Landscape Correlates of the Expansion of Mechanized Agriculture in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Earth Interactions, 9, Paper 16, 1-18.
  • Rosenthal, E. (2007, January 31). Once a dream fuel, palm oil may be an eco-nightmare. New York Times Online. Accessed February 5, 2007.
    Deforestation Rates
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2005). Change in the extent of forest and other wooded land. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Accessed March 1, 2007.
  • Skole, D., and Tucker, C. (1993). Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon: Satellite data from 1978 to 1988. Science, 260 (5116), 1905-1910.
  • Achard, F., Eva, H., Stibig, H., Mayaux, P., Gallego, J., Richards, T., and Malingreau, J. (2002). Determination of deforestation rates of the worlds humid tropical forests. Science, 297 (5583), 999-1002.
  • Fearnside, P., and Laurance, W. (2003). Comment on “Determination of deforestation rates in the world’s humid tropical forests.” Science, 299 (5609), 1015.
    NASA Deforestation Research
  • Asner, G., Broadbent, E., Oliveira, P., Keller, M., Knapp, D., and Silva, J. (2006). Condition and fate of logged forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (34), 12947-12950.
  • Asner, G., Nepstad, D., Cardinot, G., and Ray, D. (2004). Drought stress and carbon uptake in an Amazon forest measured with spaceborne imaging spectroscopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101 (16), 6039-6044.
  • Curran, L., and Trigg, S. (2006). Sustainability science from space: Quantifying forest disturbance and land-use dynamics in the Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (34), 12663-12664.
  • Nepstad, D., Veríssimo, A., Alencar, A., Nobres, C., Lima,E., Lefebvre, P., Schlesinger, P., Potter, C., Moutinho, P., Mendoza, E., Cochrane, M., and Brooks, V. (1999). Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire. Nature 398, 505-508.
  • Nepstad, D., McGrath, D., Alencar, A., Barros, A. C., Carvalho, G., Santilli, M., and del C. Vera Diaz, M. (2002). Frontier Governance in Amazonia. Science, 295 (5555), 629-631.
  • Skole, D., and Tucker, C. (1993). Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon: Satellite data from 1978 to 1988. Science, 260 (5116), 1905-1910.
  • Richey, J., Melack, J., Aufdenkampe, A., Ballester, V., and Hess, L. (2002). Outgassing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large source of tropical CO2. Nature, 416, 617-620.
  • University of Maryland Global Land Cover Facility. MODIS Vegetative Cover Conversion Webpage. Global Land Cover Facility Website. Accessed March 1, 2007.
  • University of Maryland Geography Department. (1998). NASA Landsat Pathfinder Humid Tropical Deforestation Project Description Webpage. NASA Landsat Pathfinder Humid Tropical Deforestation Project Website. Accessed March 1, 2007.
  • University of Maryland Geography Department. Central African Regional Program for the Environment Webpage. Accessed March 16, 2007.
    Sustaining Tropical Forests
  • Butler, R. (2006). Amazon conservation efforts must come soon to save world’s largest rainforest says leading scientist: An interview with Dr. Philip M. Fearnside of the National Institute for Research in the Amazon. Mongabay Website. Accessed March 16, 2007.
  • Curran, L., Trigg, S., McDonald, A., Astiani, D., Hardiono, Y., Siregar, R., Caniago, I., and Kasischke, E. (2004). Lowland Forest Loss in Protected Areas of Indonesian Borneo. Science, 303(5660), 1000-1003.
  • Nepstad, D., Schwartzman, S., Bamberger, B., Santilli, M., Ray, D., Schlesinger, P., Lefebvre, P., Alencar, A., Prinz, E., Fiske, G., and Rolla, A. (2006). Inhibition of Amazon Deforestation and Fire by Parks and Indigenous Lands, Conservation Biology, 20 (1), 65-73.
  • Schwartzman, S., Moreira, A., and Nepstad, D. (2000). Rethinking Tropical Forest Conservation: Perils in Parks, Conservation Biology, 14 (5), 1351-1357.
  • Soares-Filho, B., Nepstad, D., Curran, L., Cerqueira, G., Garcia, R., Ramos, C., Voll, E., McDonald, A., Lefebvre, P., and Schlesinger, P. (2006). Modelling conservation in the Amazon Basin, Nature, 440, 520-523.
  • Nepstad, D., Stickler, C., and Almeida, O. (2006). Globalization of the Amazon Soy and Beef Industries: Opportunities for Conservation. 20 (6), 1595-1603.
  • Santilli, M., Moutinho, P., Schwartzman, S., Nepstad, D., Curran, L., and Nobre, C. (2005). Tropical deforestation and the Kyoto Protocol. Climatic Change, 71 (3), 267-276.

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